This report analyses budget trends and fiscal developments in Ghana, Kenya and South Africa over the period 2020 to 2024. The country selection covers anglophone countries in West, East and Southern Africa.
Across all three countries, public finances experienced significant pressure due to successive external shocks. These include the COVID-19 pandemic, climate-related disasters, the Russia–Ukraine war, which increased energy and food prices, and the tightening of global financing conditions with increasing borrowing costs and debt pressures.
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